Peter The Great

Generally considered to be one, leading Russian Tsar, Peter the Great of political development "west" of his that he instituted a major factor that turned Russia into a strong country.
Peter was born in 1672 in Moscow, the only son Tsar Alexis by his second wife Natalia Narishkina. Peter had not yet reached the age of four
when his father died. Since Alexis had thirteen children from his first wife, taklah wonder if there is a long struggle even harder to fight the crown. In any event, the young Peter must leave the country for life. Over the years Sophia, Peter's half-brother became ruler while because Peter was too young. And just after the year 1689, when he released the position that Peter became a safe position.

Russia in 1689 is a backward country, centuries behind Europe in almost all aspects. Cities much less than in the West. Slavery is rampant, and indeed, the number of slaves increase steadily and rights-human rights decreased. Russia did not experience both the Renaissance and the Reformation. Priest-pastor stupid; literature barely existed; math and science can not be ignored and considered it was no use. In contrast to Western Europe in which Newton wrote that he had just had a Principia and in which literature and philosophy evolved, Russia will look like the middle of the century the country, stupid, nursing.

Years 1697-1698, Peter made the long trip to Western Europe, a journey that sets the tone in the later years of his reign. Peter brought about 250 people with him in a "giant mission" is. By using a pseudonym (Pyotr Mikhaylov) Peter could see many things that he could not see no way. Peter was on his way to work at a particular time as a carpenter at the "Dutch East India Company" in the Netherlands. He also worked at the dock in the British Navy, and he studied at the Prussian arms affair. He visited factories, schools, museums, stadiums and even look at the British parliament. In short, he learned as much as he could get from the Western culture, science, culture, industry, and administrative procedures.

Year 1698 Peter returned to Russia and develop long-term plans concerning the renewal, the country modernize and westernize Russia to promote the introduction of Western technology and techniques, many carrying technician Peter Western Europe to Russia. He also sent a teenager to study in Russia for Western Europe. During his reign Peter stimulating industrial development and trade. Under his rule, the cities grow and multiply bourgeoisie in number and influence.

And in the reign of Peter, the Navy built in the proper size. More than that, his army changed according to the Western European style, modern armed beruniform and military exercises in Western Europe was institutionalized. Peter also made various changes in the sector of civil administration, including sensitive reforms of civil service improvement, based his work in the office, not by the rank of offspring.

In any social problems Peter encourages Westernization. He instructed that all beards shaven (although the latter instruction was changed) and all the men in court are required to dress western, recommend stop smoking and drinking coffee. Despite the many proposals that time, he suggested to meet the challenge of persistent, long-term political cause Russian aristocrats eventually develop ways and culture of Western Europe.

It is not surprising that Peter thinks the Russian Orthodox Church is a backward reactionary forces. Peter managed to partially re-organized the Orthodox Church and may oversee moderation. Peter founded the secular school in Russia and encourage scientific progress. He also introduced the Julian calendar and modernizing the Russian alphabet. In his reign, the first newspaper published in Russia.

In addition to the innovations he did in the country, Peter involved in foreign policy has important consequences in the future. Below it, Russia was involved wars with Turkey in the south and the north of Sweden. With Turkey at the beginning of the war he received a successful capture the port of Azov in 1696, thus presents a way out for Russia to the Black Sea. However, later in his reign, too, Turkey can be the wind in battle and in 1711 Russia forced Turkey to return the port of Azov.

In the war against Sweden, a series of events took place on the other hand, lost in the beginning, but prevail in the end. Russia joined in 1700 by Danish and Saxony launch an attack against Sweden, who was a strong domestic military potential. (Poland was then declared war against Sweden). In the battle of Narva in 1700, damaged the Russian army crushed. After this battle, the King of Sweden turned into another enemy. Meanwhile Peter rebuild the Russian army. After it broke out again battle between the Russian-Swedish. And in Poltava, in 1709, Swedish armies decisively defeated.

Successful regions derived from the war, including Russia (roughly) Estonia and Latvia, as well as some areas near Finland. Despite the capture of the area is not so large, but has significance because it gives Russia a way out into the Baltic Sea that people call the "window of Europe." On the banks of Neva river, on land once occupied by Sweden, Peter built a new city, St. Petersburg (now called Leningrad). Year 1712 he moved the capital from Moscow to it. After that St. St. Petersburg became the meeting point between Russia with Western Europe.

Various Peter domestic politics and war with foreign parties, of course, a lot of money and can not be avoided anymore cause withdrawal additional taxes. Both higher taxes and reforms itself to make the Russians angry and broke into several rebellions, but all Peter was crushed without mercy. Although he had many opponents in his time, either now or historikus Western European Communists agreed that Peter was a great Russian Tsar.

Personality is an attractive appearance., He's big (at least 6 feet 6 inches) strong, handsome and passionate. He's a fiery, fierce, temper, spirit ablaze. And like the joke though crude humor seriously. Sometimes he's a lot of drinking and this made him violent. In addition to dexterity in the field of military and political, Peter had learned carpentry; printing, navigation, and fabrication of ships. Indeed a special king! If necessary, lest he might be a builder!

Peter married twice. Married to his first wife - Eudoxia - when the age of seventeen. Their family life, only a week and when he was twenty-six years of his wives sent to the monastery. Year 1712 dicerainya Eudoxia and Peter married again with another woman. His second wife - Cathrine - is a girl from Lithuania, a girl from an ordinary family. From his first wife have a son Peter, Alexis. However, Peter and his son to do bad. Year 1718 Alexis was arrested on charges of conspiring to overthrow Peter. He was not only arrested but also tortured and died in prison in St. St. Petersburg early in 1725 at the age of fifty-two years. He was succeeded by his widow - Catherine - (do not be mistaken with Catherine the Great).

Peter the Great is listed this book because it plays an important role westernize and modernize Russia. However, because the rulers of various countries also made similar steps, one worth asking on what basis Peter included in this book list, while many others, not.

It is very true that today, in the 20th century, most heads of state to see the importance for people to accept Western ways, especially in scientific and technological sectors. But in the year 1700, the tendency westernize is a new thing for most people outside Europe. What make Peter so important is that he was two centuries ahead of its time in terms of catching the need westernize and in terms of modernizing the country. Because foresight Peter, the Russian who was at the level of the backward country, able to leap forward over most of the countries in the world. (But, no matter how quickly he developed that has been carried to Europe in the 18th century and the 19th, Russia was unable to match Western Europe).

Contrary to Turkey, one other important countries in the eastern border of Europe, which is also interesting. Turkey and Russia both "half of Europe." In the two centuries immediately after the reign of Peter, Turkey is more advanced in terms of military rather than Russian, as well as economy and culture. (For this, Turkey is far more advanced than the Russians throughout history). However, there is no Sultan of Turkey in about 1700 to realize the importance of acceleration of Westernization and no one pushed his country toward it. Therefore, while Russia, since the days of Peter and then, speeding the step of modernization, Turkey only do so little progress. New in the 20th century, Kemal Ataturk led Turkey to accelerate modernization program. At that time, the supervision of the Central Asia Russia was fairly steady and Russia are more advanced both in terms of both industrial and educational aspects.

Now, of course, we naturally think of Russia to surpass the power of Turkey. However, if the reform was not Peter the Great but the Sultan of Turkey, then Turkey may well be a driving force today and almost certainly controlled what is now called the Soviet Central Asia. (Population Muslim area and closer relationship with Turkey than with Russia). Although Russia has occupied the largest part of Siberia before Peter the Great, the region likely drawn Turkey or China or Japan, if only he had not made the renewal and modernization programs to strengthen Russia.

Peter the Great not only with the current ruler, but the people who stood in front of his era. View far into the future is likely to change the course of history and dividing it into the path we can not trace. For this reason, it is clear to me that Peter could deserve a place in this book list.

In terms of determining where the order of Peter, I was somewhat affected by the comparison between him and Queen Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth is also more famous, especially in the West. But, I thought I would have difficulty convincing the Russians - even the most moderate though - that Elizabeth was more influential than Peter the Great. Peter is much more a soul renewal, far more original. When Elizabeth some consensus terpokoknya just doing what people want, Peter led his people to the department that they never imagined. The difference in level between the two could even greater if England do not play a more important role than that done Russia. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Menes, King Dynasty Egyptian Forerunner

Menes, King dynasty Egyptian forerunner, is the first ruler to unify all of Egypt, and thus establish the kingdom which he plays so long and so sparkling in the history of human culture.
Date of birth and death of Menes is not known, although considered roughly around 3100 years BC. Prior to that time, Egypt is not a single country
but rather consists of two separate kingdoms, and stand alone. One in the north in the Nile delta and the other in the south, in the valley of the Nile. (Because the Nile flows into the sea in ancient Egyptian map of the Nile estuary look at bottom of page. For this reason, the Egyptians called the delta in the north as "Lower Egypt" while in the southern kingdom of "Upper Egypt"). In general, Lower Egypt seems to be more advanced than his neighbor in the south. But the king was Menes, the ruler of Upper Egypt conquered the kingdom in the north and unify the whole country.

Menes (also known as Narmer) Thinis just came from, a town in southern Egypt. After mastering the northern kingdom he dubbed himself "King of the north and south of Egypt," a title retained by the pharao (pharaohs) next for thousands of years. Near the old border between the two kingdoms, Menes founded a new city - Memphis - that because it was so strategic, the capital of a united Egypt. Memphis, which is reruntuhannnya near the town of Cairo today, the centuries became the leading city in Egypt, and for a long enough period to be its capital.

A little additional information about Menes had to be saved. He is credited with holding the reins of the kingdom for a long time - sixty-two years - according to ancient sources, though there may be exaggerated.

In addition to our limited knowledge about the events that occurred so long, the work seems to have meaning Menes of tremendous importance. Before the dynasty (ie before Menes), the Egyptian culture is less developed than the Sumerian culture, which is now located in Iraq. However, the political unification of Egypt seems to radiate the latent power of the Egyptian population. Indeed, right, accompanied by the unification of the rapid progress both in the field of cultural and social. Government and social institutions developed in the early dynastic period, which lasted a few changes, the year 2000. Hieroglyp writing has grown tremendously, as well as buildings and other technical intelligence. In a few centuries, the Egyptian culture is matched - even exceeded in some sectors - Sumerian culture. Indeed, most of the period of 2000 years after Menes, Egypt, measured from the wealth and culture, an advanced country in the world, at least number two. This is evidence of a lasting progress is a bit of culture can match it. A great culture great bin.

It's hard to put in which position in the list Menes order this book, because we have no direct information of data on how important personal role in the conquest of Menes northern kingdom and the unification of Egypt. With all the lack of information, we can only guess how big her role there, but seems to be a safe guess that it was very important role. In general, the pharaohs of Egypt is not a prominent figure, but the authorities who have great power. Moreover, history tells us that the kingdoms could not important conquests without a king's leadership of incompetence; so they are unable to maintain the already conquered the area without the leadership of a capable king. Therefore very great possibility that personally Menes is an important factor in the big events of his time. Without prejudice to our knowledge about the pettiness Menes, Menes was apparently one of the influential figures in history. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Zoroaster,The Founder Of Zoroastrianism

"Prophet" of Iran, Zoroaster, was the founder of Zoroastrianism, a religion that lasted more than 2000 years and still has adherents today. He is also author of Gathas, the oldest part of Avesta, the sacred instructions Zoroastrian adherents.
We biographical information about Zoroaster (Zarathustra in the ancient Iranian name) is not complete, but it seems he was born circa 628 BC
and the area that now includes northern Iran. Very little can be known of his childhood. After an adult, he preached the new religion itself drawn up. At the initial level of opposition, but when the age of forty years, he managed to pull King Vishtaspa as adherents, a ruler of a region in northern Iran. After that the King was his friend and protector at the same time. According to the traditional story of Iran, Zoroaster lived until the age of seventy-seven years; his death in 551 years was estimated at BC.

Zoroastrian Theology is an interesting mixture of monotheism and dualism. According to Zoroaster, there is only one true God called Ahura Mazda (the name of modern Iran: Ormudz). Ahura Mazda ( "Wise Lord") advocated honesty and truth. But, Zoroastrian adherents also believe there is an evil spirit, Angra Mainyu (in terms of modern Persian: Ahriman) that reflects the crime and falsehood. In the real world, this symbol of the eternal conflict between the forces of Ahura Mazda and Ahriman one hand on the other. Each individual is free to choose where he was taking sides, to Ahura Mazda or Ahriman. Although the two sides battle may close at some point, Zoroastrian adherents believe that in the long term strength Ahura Mazda will come out a winner. Theology they also include a full conviction of life after death.

In ethical matters, Zoroastrian religion stresses the importance of honesty and truth. Ascetisme, reckless living, adultery, was strongly opposed. Zoroastrian adherents of various religious conduct interesting, some of which focused on the worship of fire. For example, the sacred fire always kept burning in the Zoroastrian temple. But, the most evident in their worship is a way to eliminate the body, rather than buried or burned, but placed on the left tower eaten vulture. (The birds were usually engulfed prey purely down to the bone within hours).

Although Zoroatrianisme have various elements that are similar to the Iranian religions older, do not seem widespread in the Zoroastrian own. But, the area where he lives with hook-associated with the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great in the mid-16th century BC at the time of the death of Zoroaster. In the two centuries later, religion was accepted by the Persian kings and get a decent followers. After the Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great in the late mid-4th century BC, the Zoroastrian religion swift decline. But eventually, the Persians gained its independence again, Hellenistis influence declined, and there is a revival of Zoroastrian religion. In the Sassanid dynasty (226 to 651 AD) Zoroastrian religion is accepted as the official state religion of Persia.

After the Arab conquest in the 7th century AD, most of the Persian population gradually converted to Islam (in some cases by force, although in principle the Muslims have a tolerant attitude to other religions). Around the 10th century, some remaining Zoroastrian religion fled from Iran to Hormuz, an island in the Persian Gulf. From there they or their derivatives go to India where they established a kind of colony. Hindus Parsees call them because they were of Persian origin. Now there are about l00.000 more groups Parsees in India, generally lives near the city of Bombay, where they form a group of affluent society. Zoroastrianism was never disappear entirely in Iran, only about 20,000 adherents still in the country.

Today, the world's Zoroastrian adherents in lesser numbers than the Mormons and Christian Scientists. But, Mormonism and Christian Science recent growth; viewed from the course of history, the overall number of followers of Zoroaster much greater. This is the main reason why Zoroastrians included in this book, while Joseph Smith and Mary Baker are not included

More than that, Zoroatrianisme have an impact to other religions, like Judaism and Christianity. In fact, a greater influence on Manicheism obvious, the religion founded by Mani, who take over Zoroastrian ideas about the conflict between good spirits and demons and developed into a complex religious and coercive. For a while the new belief that she founded the world's major religions, although later extinct entirely. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Niccolo Machiavelli, Italian Political Philosopher

Italian political philosopher, Niccolo Machiavelli, famous for his advice outspoken that a ruler who wants to stay in power and strengthen his power must use guile, cunning and lies, combined with the use of cruel use of force.
Cursed by many people as the bastard bennoral, revered by others as genuine realist who dared to expose to the world as it is, Machiavelli was one of the few authors whose work was so close to the study of both philosophers and politicians.


Machiavelli was born in 1469 in Florence, Italy. His father, a lawyer, considered a leading member of the family, but not so located.

During Machiavelli's lifetime - at the time of the peaks of the Italian Renaissance - Italy is divided in small countries, in contrast to a unified country such as France, Spain or England. Because it is not surprising that in his time Italy was militarily weak but brilliant in terms of culture.

At times the young Machiavelli, Florence was ruled by the famous Medici ruler, Lorenzo is commendable. But Lorenzo died in 1492, and several years later expelled the Medici rulers of Florence; Florence became a republic (the Florentine Republic) and in 1498, Machiavelli was twenty-nine years old have a high position in the civil government of Florence. For fourteen years after that he served the Florentine Republic and engage in various diplomatic missions on his behalf, to travel to France, Germany, and Italy in the country.

Year 1512, the Florentine Republic was overthrown and the Medici rulers re-hold the reins of power, Machiavelli was dismissed from his position, and the following year he was arrested for alleged involvement in the conspiracy against the Medici rulers. He was tortured but survived his innocence and was eventually released in that year. After that he retired and living in a small plantation in San Casciano not far from Florence.

During the fourteen years after that, he wrote several books, two of the most famous of which is The Prince, (The Prince) was written in 1513, and The Discourses upon the First Ten Books of Titus Livius (Discussion of the first ten books of Titus Livius). Among other works are The art of war (the arts of war), A History of Florence (the history of Florence) and La Mandragola (a good drama, sometimes people are still staged). However, the main works of famous is The Prince (The Prince), perhaps the most brilliant ever written and is most easily read of all philosophical writings. Machiavelli was married and had six children. He died in 1527 at the age of fifty-eight.

The Prince may be considered the most important practical advice to create a state. Basic thought of this book is, for a success, a prince should ignore moral considerations entirely and rely on everything, things on the strength and cunning. Machiavelli stresses above all the most important is a country must be well armed. He argued, only with the required troops from the country's own citizens who could be trusted; countries that rely on mercenaries or soldiers from other countries is weak and dangerous.

Machiavelli advises the Prince in order to support the population, because if not, he has no source of trouble. Of course, Machiavelli advised that sometimes a new ruler, to solidify his power, must do something to secure his power, was forced to do unpleasant citizens. He suggested, though it to seize a country, the conqueror should regulate violence as well as steps that they need not experience every day leeway should be given little by little so that they can feel good. "

To achieve success, a prince must be surrounded by ministers who are able and faithful: Machiavelli warns the prince to stay away from sycophants and asked what opinion is worth doing.

In chapter 17 of The Prince, Machiavelli discussing whether a prince is better hated or loved.

Machiavelli writes: "... The answer is that people should be feared and loved at the same time. ... More secure, but feared than loved, if we must choose one. The reason, love is bound by obligations that makes a person selfish, and bond It will end when dealing with their interests. ... But the anxiety prompted by fear of punishment subject, never miss ... "

Chapter 18, entitled "The way how a prince holding the belief." Here Machiavelli said "... a ruler who is not careful to hold the belief that if you work against the interests ..." He added, "Because there is no formal basis to blame a prince who apologized because he did not fulfill his promise," because "... people were so simple and easy to comply with the requirements needed at the time, and that those who cheat will always be find people who allow themselves be deceived. " As a natural result of this view, Machiavelli advises the prince to be constantly vigilant against the promises of others.

The Prince (The Prince) is often called the "user guide for the dictator." Machiavelli's career and the various writings indicate that in general he tends to the republican form of government than dictatorship. But he was anxious and worried over the political and military weakness of Italy, and longed for a powerful prince who could manage the country and dispel the foreign armies that damage and insult his country. Interesting to note, though Machiavelli advocated a prince to take measures cruel and cynical, he was himself an idealist and a patriot, and not so able to practice what he himself proposed.

Few political philosophers such as experienced fierce diganyang Machiavelli. Over the years, she cursed like a derivative of the devil, and his name is used as a synonym for deceit and cunning. (Not infrequently, the fiercest condemnation came from those who actually practice the teachings of Machiavelli, a hypocrisy that principle may also be approved by Machiavelli)!

Criticisms that Machiavelli was tossed into the face of moral reasoning is not, of course, shows that he is not influential at all. A more direct criticism is the alleged objection that his idea was not specifically out of his own head. Not original! This is somewhat a point. Machiavelli repeatedly asked that he did not propose anything new but merely indicates that the technique has been implemented by the Prince with great success earlier. Reality show Machiavelli incessantly describes his proposal as he took the example of the greatness, the greatness that had happened in times past, or from events in Italy are somewhat renewal. Cesare Borgia (the highly praised by Machiavelli in The Prince) did not learn the tactics of Machiavelli; on the contrary, Machiavelli who learn from them.

Although Benito Mussolini was one of the few political leaders who had praised Machiavelli in public, because it was no doubt a large number of prominent political figures have ever read The Prince carefully. It is said that Napoleon always slept on a pillow tucked beneath which the book The Prince, as well as they say committed by Hitler and Stalin. However, it is not clear that Machiavelli was more common tactic used in modern politics than in the days before The Prince was published. This is the main reason why Machiavelli is not placed higher than its present in this book.

However, if effect, Machiavelli's mind in political practice is not so clear, its influence in political theory need not be debated. Previous writers such as Plato and St. Augustine, has linked politics with ethics and theology. Machiavelli discussing history and politics entirely in terms of human and ignore moral considerations. The central question, he said, is not how people should behave; instead of who should be powerful, but how real people can get power. Political theory is discussed now in more ways than ever before without realisitis minimize the significance of the influence of Machiavelli. This person can accurately seen as one of the important founders of modern political thinkers. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Leonhard Euler, Brilliant And Leading Scientists Of All Time

In the 17th century Switzerland had a mathematician and physicist who very brilliant and leading scientists of all time. The man was Leonhard Euler. The results of his work affects the use of all areas of physics and engineering in many areas.
The results of Euler's mathematics and science does not really make sense. He wrote 32 books complete, many of which consist of two volumes,
hundreds of articles about mathematics and science. People say, collection of scientific writings of over 70 volumes! Euler's genius to enrich nearly every aspect of pure mathematics and mathematical ready to use, and contributions to mathematical physics is almost no limit to the use.
Special Euler experts demonstrated how the general laws of mechanics, which has been formulated in the previous century by Isaac Newton, may be used in certain types of physical situations that occur repeatedly. For example, using Newton's laws of motion in terms of fluid, Euler equations can develop hydrodinamika. Also, through a careful analysis of the possible movement of heavy goods, and with the use of Newton's principles. And Euler developed a number of opinions capable of fully determine the motion of heavy goods. In practice, of course, things do not always object to be built. Therefore, Euler also made important contributions on the theory of elasticity that describes how solid objects can change shape through the use of external energy.

Euler also uses her talent in terms of mathematical analysis of problems in astronomy, especially concerning about the "three-entity" associated with the problem of how the sun, earth and moon move under their own gravity, the same individual. This problem - a problem that was thought to 21st century - not yet fully resolved. Incidentally, Euler was the only leading scientist of the 18th century who (correctly, as proved later) supports the wave theory of light.

Euler thoughts that poured endlessly it often produces a starting point for mathematical discovery that could make someone famous. For example, Joseph Louis Lagrange, the French mathematical physicist, succeeded in formulating a series of formula ( "formula Lagrange ') which has important theoretical meaning and can be used to solve various mechanical problems. Basic formula discovered by Euler, because it is often called the Euler-Lagrange formula. Another French mathematician Jean Baptiste Fourier, is generally credited with the discovery of mathematical techniques, known by the nickname of Fourier analysis. Here, too, the first basic formula discovered by Leonhard Euler, and is known by the nickname Euler-Fourier formulas. They found the use of an extensive and varied in the field of physics, including acoustics and electromagnetic theory.

When it comes to mathematics, Euler's particularly interested in the field of calculus, differential formula, and the infinity of a number. His contributions in this field, though very important, too technical here presented. His contributions in the field of calculus of variations and the theory of the complexity of the basis of all subsequent developments in this field. Both topics had a wide range of work in the field of the use of scientific practices, in addition to the importance in the field of pure mathematics.

Euler formula,, showed a link between the function and the number of imaginary trigonometrik, and can be used to find the logarithm of a negative number. This formula is one of the most widely used in all areas of mathematics. Euler also wrote a textbook on analytic geometry and made important contributions in the field of differential geometry and ordinary geometry.

Although Euler had a great ability to mathematical discoveries that allowed doing scientific practices, he almost had a surplus equivalent in the field of pure mathematics. Unfortunately, the contribution that so many in the field of number theory, but not so much that can be presented here. Euler was also the beginners who worked in the field of topology, a branch of mathematics that has important meaning in the 20th century.

Finally, Euler made important contributions of the mathematical symbol systems of today. For example, he is responsible for general use Greek letters to describe the ratio between the circumference of a circle to its diameter. He also introduced many a suitable system of signs that are now commonly used in mathematics.

Euler was born in 1707 in Basel, Switzerland. He was admitted into the University of Basel in 1720 when he was only thirteen years to reach. At first he studied theology, but soon moved to mathematics subjects. He obtained his bachelor's degree from the University of Basel at the age of seventeen, and when he was only twenty years old he received the invitation of Catherine I of Russia to join the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. At age twenty-three years he became professor of physics there, and when he was twenty-six years he replaced the head of mathematics korsi formerly occupied by a famous mathematician Daniel Bernoulli. Two years later lost his eye sight side, but he continued working with full capacity, producing the articles are brilliant.

Year 1741 Frederick the Great of Prussia Euler persuade Russia to leave and asked him to join the Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He lived in Berlin for twenty-five years and returned to Russia in 1766. Not long after that his eyes could not see anymore. Even in this kind of calamity strikes, it is not to stop the investigation. Euler has a spectacular ability in mental arithmetic, and until he died (in 1783 in St. Petersburg - then Leningrad now - at the age of seventy-six years), he continued to issue high-grade paper in mathematics. Euler married twice and had thirteen children, eight of them died young.

All the findings could Euler made people even if he never lived in this world. Although I think the appropriate criteria used in this problem is to ask the questions: what will happen in the modern world if he never do anything? In connection with Leonhard Euler answer seems obvious: modern science and technology will be far left behind, almost inconceivable, without the Euler formula, formula, formulas, and methods. Index glance glance mathematics and physics textbook will show these explanations Euler angle (strong motion); stability of Euler (infinite series); balance Euler (hydrodinamika); balance Euler motion dynamics (hard object); formula Euler (complex variables ); sum Euler (infinite series), Eurel polygonal curve (differential balance); opinions about diversity Euler function (the balance of the differential part); transformation of Euler (infinite series); law of Bernoulli-Euler (elastisitis theory); Euler formula - Fourier (series trigonometris); balance Euler-Lagrange (variation calculus, mechanics); and Euler-Maclaurin formula (the sum method) is all about some of the essentials only.

From this angle, the reader may wonder why Euler was not able to place higher in the list order this book. The main reason is that, although he was a brilliant and successful show how Newton's laws can be applied, Euler never found a scientific principles alone. That's why characters like Becquerel, X-rays, and Gregor Mendel, who each found a new phenomena and basic scientific principles, placed in the upper order than Euler. But, however, Euler contribution to world science, the field of engineering and mathematics, not absurdly large grass.Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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