John Locke,Philosopher of Basic Idea Democratic Constitution

The first philosopher who gather in an integrated basic idea is the democratic constitution of England: John Locke. Thoughts emit a strong influence to the founders of the Republic dedengkot United States. Not only that, his influence is also strongly penetrated the hearts of the French reformer movement.
Locke was born in 1632 in Wrington, England.
He was educated at Oxford University, obtained a bachelor's degree in 1656 and full-year bachelor's degree in 1658. As a teenager he was very interested in science and at the age of thirty-six years he was elected a member of the "Royal Society." He became best of friends famous chemist Robert Boyle and then most of his life became a close friend of Isaac Newton. The field of medicine he was interested and took a bachelor's degree in that field even if only once in a while just to practice.

The turning point in Locke's life was his acquaintance with the Prince of Shaftesbury. He became secretary and became a family doctor. Shaftesbury an important spokesman for the liberal mind that although he had briefly imprisoned by King Charles II by his political activities. Year 1682 Shaftesbury fled to Holland and died there the following year. Locke, thanks to the relationship that was so familiar with the late, constantly monitored and the shadow, because it forced him also fled to the Netherlands in 1683. He settled in the country until the successor of King Charles, King James II was overthrown by a revolution that succeeded. Locke returned to his village in 1689 and onwards settled in England. Never married, and died in the year 1704.

The first book is to make Locke's famous An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Essay on human understanding), published in 1690. There questioned the origin, nature, and limitations of human knowledge. Locke's ideas in turn influence the philosopher-philosopher like the Reverend George Berkeley, David Hume and Immanuel Kant. Although the essay was the work of Locke's most original and is one of the famous classical philosophy, its influence is not for the writings of political affairs issues.

In the book, A Letter Concerning Toleration (The problem with tolerance) published in 1689, Locke stressed that the state should not interfere too much in terms of religious freedoms of religious belief according to each one. Locke is not the first British man who proposed the existence of religious tolerance of all Protestant sects. But a strong argument he gave, which sided with the need for zero tolerance is a factor of support for his vision population. More than that, Locke developed a tolerance to the principle of non-Christian groups: "... both the primitive faiths, Jewish or Islamic or may not be reduced civil rights in the country solely on religious considerations." However, Locke believed that this tolerance does not apply to Catholic groups because Locke believed they depend on outside forces for help, and also no tolerance for atheists. Times the size he is now practically very charitable, but reasoned look at the relationship with the ideas of his day. Facts noted, the reasons for the creation dikemukakannya religious tolerance is more convincing readers of pengecualianpengecualian made. Now, thanks to the writings of Locke, religious tolerance was widespread even in groups who had been excommunicated.

Another significance of Locke is his book Two Treatises of Government (Two persepakatan the government) published in 1689 that it is the basic idea that penyuguhan emphasize the importance of liberal democratic constitution. The book's influence on political thought throughout the English-speaking world. Locke was absolutely convinced that every human being has a natural right, and it is not just about living things, but also personal freedom and rights of ownership of something. The main task of government is to protect people and property of citizens. This view is often called the "theory of the night by the government."

Rejecting the sacred right of kings presumption, Locke emphasized that the new government can run the rule over the approval of the governed. "Personal freedom in the community under the agreed upon legislative power in a country." Locke strongly emphasize something he calls "social contract." This thinking stems partly from the writings of former British philosopher, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). However, if Hobbes uses "social contract" is to strengthen the absolutism, Locke saw the "social contract" that can be replaced:

"... When legislators tried to seize and destroy the property of the population, or reduce them and lead to slavery under the rule, they are in a state of war with the population, and therefore the population free from mistakes if they are disobedient and let God take refuge in the shade of which was provided care for all people from violence and progress. "

Also, still the power of the people to overthrow and replace its representative body at the sight of their representatives act contrary to kepercayaaii placed on their shoulders "Locke's persistent attitude to maintain the right to revolution is very strongly influenced Thomas Jefferson and other American revolutionaries.

Locke needs to cling to the separation of powers. He considers the legislative power should be superior to the executive and the judiciary which is considered the executive branch. As people who believe in the benefits of legislative power. Locke almost always opposed the right of the court which decided that legislative action was not unconstitutional.

Although Locke insist on the principle of majority rule, but makes clear that a government does not have power without limits. The majority must not damage the nature of human rights. A government can only be right to take title to favor the ruled. (In America, this idea is expressed in the slogan, "No taxation without representation.") Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.