Barack Obama, Great US President

Barack Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on 4 August 1961 to a Kenyan father and American mother. Obama's parents, Barack Obama Sr. and Ann Dunham met while studying at the University of Hawaii.
Obama spent his early years in Honolulu before moving to Indonesia, at the age of six. Obama's parents separated when he was two years old. His mother married Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian. The family moved to Jakarta in 1967.
After spending four years in Indonesia, Obama returned to Honolulu to study at Punahou School. He studied at Occidental College in Los Angeles for two years before moving to Columbia University in New York. Obama graduated from Columbia University in 1983 with a specialization in political science and a specialization in International Relations.
Barack Obama's Graduation
After graduation, Obama worked at Business International Corporation and the New York Public Interest Research Group. In 1985, he moved to Chicago to work as a community organizer. Later, in 1988, Obama joined the Harvard Law School. He became the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. He graduated from law school in 1991.
Barack Obama met Michelle Robinson, in 1989, whom he married in 1992. Michelle and Barack has two daughters.
Obama had several roles professionally between 1993 and 2004. He worked as a lawyer for the firm, David Miner, Barnhill & Galland. He also worked as part-time professor at the University of Chicago Law School from 1993 to 2004, he taught constitutional law at the Faculty of Law. Obama also served as board member in Chicago Bretton Fund, a philanthropic organization.
Senator Barack Obama
In 1996, Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate. He was elected again in 1998 and 2002. In 2000, he lost a primary for the House of Representatives of the United States.
In 2003, Obama was appointed chairman of the Illinois Senate Health and Human Services. Obama became U.S. senator in late 2004 to become the fifth African American Senator in history. He received 70 votes%.
In 1991 while in charge of a voter registration drive in Chicago, Obama began writing a memoir that was later published in 1995, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. Obama wrote another book that was later published in 2006. The book, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream became a part of the list of the New York Times bestseller.
Once elected to the Illinois state Senate, Obama took a deep interest in the reforms and policies, decisions and change some accordingly. Beginning of the requirement to videotape interrogations mandatory in murder cases. He enthusiastically participated in creating the "Earned Income Tax Credit program for the state to assist people in low-income groups. He went on to initiate reforms in the areas of health and childcare. A law Interestingly, it arose because it was the law to monitor racial profiling. He became compulsory regardless of race drivers who are arrested by state police.
After his election in the U.S. Senate, Obama showed great interest in immigration reform and improved border security. He became a co-sponsor of the America safe and orderly immigration law, the act was introduced by John McCain, his Republican opponent who ran for the post of President of the United States. A year later, Obama also favored other security bill that later became the Secure Fence Act.
Obama, in association with Tom Coburn, brought the Coburn-Obama Transparency Act into existence, the act of execution of government spending transparent through a website called the USAspending.gov. Moreover, in association with Republican Richard Lugar, a place was Obama's program to make additions to existing Nunn-Lugar concept of cooperative threat reduction.
In 2007, Obama, in association with Senator Russ Feingold, brought to the existence of honest leadership and open government law. Later he introduced the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007.
Last year, in February, said he will run for the post of President of the United States. He has shown his rejection of negative campaigning.
Obama has been advocating for an end to the war in Iraq, a universal health care and energy independence as its most important programs in its manifesto.
Obama has surprised his critics by raising huge amounts of money through their campaigns. In January this year, his campaign raised U.S. $ 36.8 million, the highest amount ever raised in the Democratic primaries. In the first six months of his campaign last year, 58 million USD have been raised, breaking previous records.
After a series of hate mail sent to Obama, the U.S. Secret Service introduced special protection for Obama. "Fired up! Ready to go!" Is a cry making the rounds in the campaigns of Obama.
Barack Obama and his Democratic rival, Hillary Clinton, are now virtually tied in the total estimated superdelegate votes.
Obama has been dubbed the most liberal senator in his political life. In his personal life, played basketball and claims to be a good poker player.

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Ferdinand Magellan's

Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's expedition leaders heralded as the first round of the universe. Expedition may be the greatest journey in the history of mankind. Number of time the whole trip includes a little less than three years. Of the five small boats, the slow, fragile Magellan used, only one ship capable of returning to Europe safely and the 265 sailors who participate,
only 18 are left alive! Magellan himself sorang including one who died on the way (even after he was beyond the moment of the most difficult and dangerous). But in the end the expedition was doing well, and bring evidence that the world is really round.

It is clear, the success of this expedition in essence related to the leadership of Magellan with a steely determination. Many men who wanted to come back after taking the cruise only a few months, and of course the Magellan could not have to suppress their rebellion intentions and determined to continue his intentions. Combination of skill and steadiness determination make him a sailor and explorer considered the greatest of all sailors, navigators who ever lived.

Real influence of what actually accomplish little. The Europeans have the same educated merely knowing this is the earth round, not square is not flat nor as a board. And Magellan route nor a trade route is important. Nothing like a trip Vasco da Gama, Magellan travel no major impact both for Europe and the East. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States was 16, Abraham Lincoln, one of the most famous and impressive political figure who had acquired United States - or any other country, too. Well, if the case, because what he was not included in the list of the main sequence? Is liberation 3,500,000 villein was not a great work?
Quite so. However, when we look back, will be seen that
the strength of the whole world is struggling unbearable by any power to eliminate all forms of slavery. Many countries have abolished slavery system even before Lincoln's reign, and within fifty-five years after his death, most countries do so. Most can be appreciated from the work of Lincoln is to accelerate the process in a country, the United States.

However, the services of Lincoln's work is to maintain the unity of the largest United States faced the secession efforts the states south of the country. For this act alone he deserves inclusion in this book is a chronological list.

However, through the election of Lincoln is so because the separation of the states south of it. And not too likely to fail to win the North of civil war if people other than Lincoln became president. And above all, the North opened the battle with the superior of capital judging from the point of the population and also greater in the industry.

Even if the North did not win the war, on the whole course of history will not experience major changes. Link language, religion, culture and trade between North and South was so close they will come together too. If the split lasted for twenty years, or put, fifty years, it was only a minor event in world history. (Proper note that even without the South, the United States today remains the fourth largest country in the world's population, and will continue to be the country's most prominent industries).

Does this mean that Lincoln does not figure at all important? Not at all. His career has a deep influence to millions of people in one generation. However, he had equal importance as the influence Mahavira continued for centuries. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Mohandas K. Gandhi

Mohandas K. Gandhi, a man who stood at the forefront in the movement for Indian independence, and only from the point of this reason alone many people who suggested that she put into the main part of this book. Nevertheless, patutlah remember, India's independence from England would come with "itself" sooner or later. Because, in fact a particular strength of the impulse of history tend toward
decolonization. This we can see now that the independence of India was certainly done in a few years after the year 1947 even if Gandhi had never lived in this world.

That's right, the way Gandhi run social disobedience without violence finally managed to "persuade the British moved out" of the country. However, Even if street violence that followed, could not help she's going free spirit, too, sooner or later. Because of difficulty also conclude whether Gandhi's overall slow or speed up the freedom of India, it seems we can berkongklusi that effects the core of the steps are (at least in terms of it) is not how much. Also can be shown, Gandhi is not the founder of India's freedom movement (Indian National Congress was founded in 1885), nor is he the most important political figure at the time it gained independence.

Still, Gandhi's significance lies in the suggestion "without violence" it. (Of course, this idea is not entirely original; specifically Gandhi himself said the idea came in part from reading the writings of Thoreau, Tolstoy and the New Testament and also the various writings of the Hindu religious leaders). No doubt, Gandhi's politics, if acceptable to the international scale, can change the world. Unfortunately, not all can accept, even in India itself.

That's right, the years between 1945-1955 the technique used to try to persuade the Portuguese to lift the leg from Goa, this suggestion does not meet the target for a few years later the Indian government to subdue by force of arms. Moreover, in the last thirty years, India involved in war with Pakistan three times and the border war with China. Other countries are also reluctant to accept the teachings of Gandhi, the following technique. Roughly, seventy years counted from Gandhi introduced the technique of "without violence", the world is full of scuffles gelimang blood. Greatest fistfight in history.

Should we conclude that as a philosopher Gandhi clearly obvious failure? At present it seems that's the way, but, worth remembering that thirty years after the absence of the Prophet Jesus, a Roman intelligent and full information can not be concluded that the Prophet Jesus of Nazareth was a "failure" if he really listened and follow the Prophet Isa as a whole! And also no one could imagine in the year 450 BC how will influential Kong Hu-Cu in the end. Assessing the extent of what had happened, Gandhi seems feasible only included in the "respectable people." Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Benjamin Franklin

I think it is worth if I told Benjamin Franklin was a genius who most have much toxicity. throughout history. He's got the work has a wider range of Leonardo da Vinci's famous. Astonishing but true, Franklin was very successful in his career separate from each other: successful business, science works, literary works, and the political field was successful. One result of bulk rare!


Franklin business career as an ancient tale: from junk dealers to get rich. Family in Boston was not the person. As a young child in Philadelphia, he was clearly deflated bag, but before the age of forty years Franklin had become millionaires through he had a printing press, he had a newspaper company, and he had various other businesses. Meanwhile, in his spare time, he studied science and taught himself to four foreign languages!

As a scientist, Franklin is famous for the basic investigation he has electricity and light. Coincided with that he also created various inventions have much to, including the "Franklin stove" lens with double focus, and light gun. Two of the latter discovery is still used by people today.

Writing experiment Franklin was the first successful as a journalist. He published Poor Richard's Almanac, which contains a remarkable talent to reverse the sentence fragments. (Not many writers who left so many expressions, unforgettable uangkapan). At the end he end up his autobiography, a famous work ever written and are still read and loved people.

In the political field, Franklin managed just like he was also successful as an administrator (he served as head of postal affairs for the colonies and under business leadership post shows the benefits!); And as a legislator (he was repeatedly elected to the House of Representatives in Pennsylvania): as a diplomat (he was very popular and successful as ambassador to France in a difficult period in American history). Moreover, he was one of the signatories to the Declaration of Independence of the United States and later became a member of the Constitutional Convention.

There's more? Still. Franklin was the fifth career: he was a uplifting and community organizer. For example, he was one of the founders of the first hospital in Philadelphia. He helped organize the fire company and managed to push through the formation of city police affairs, he organized the mobile library (the first one!) And community groups of scientists (also a first!).

Like everyone, Franklin also had the difficulties and disappointments which made him a sad heart. Even so, life is an extraordinary example - perhaps the most remarkable in history - which could be a human being. Blessed by good health for most of the age of eighty-four years, Franklin has a long life happenings, interesting, useful, religious, and generally happy in this mortal world. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Egyptian King Khufu

Egyptian King Khufu (Cheops in Greek name) is remembered for building the giant pyramids in Giza, which seems destined tomb was built. When is birth and death no one knows, but he's generally considered to live in a period of twenty-six centuries before Christ. What we know, its capital at Memphis, Egypt, and he sat on the throne for a long time, but the lives of others very little was revealed.


Appears to be safe if we say that the pyramid is a pyramid-good giant's most famous and most impressive is the building ever built man. Even in ancient times he was considered one of the seven wonders of the world. Although the other six are so messy debris, a giant pyramid upright stand, a fascinating memories for the king, who made him.

Perfection construction and custom sizes out really impressive. Although the foot at the very top had been destroyed, their height was reached 450 feet, about as tall as 35 story building! Roughly 2,300,000 stone blocks, each block weighs around 2.5 tonnes used for the pyramid. Because it had a giant pyramid chambers devices inside and alleyways, the stone which consists of various sizes, adding complex pembikinannya work.

Somehow the way the Egyptians working in the forty-six centuries ago without modern equipment or machinery, but still able to make such a building, really dark! Actually building it requires very careful planning and excellent administrative ability to explore the national resources for the success of a huge task like that. If we agree on a general allegation that it takes twenty years, naturally we have to imagine no less than approximately 300 blocks of stone arranged each day. Clearly, to form blocks of stone and carry it to the compilation of the pyramid, cut to fit exactly as required and place them in the proper position, really a duty "crazy." The entire fleet should be mobilized to carry blocks of stone, and planned supply system is needed to feed the "army of workers" who are involved in the project.

The giant pyramid has survived for 4500 years straight, and probably still erect such buildings, although modern buildings have fallen apart so long rubble and ashes. Building pyramids was not really terusakkan! Even if an atomic bomb hit right to him, he would not be erased. Of course, bit by bit. he will riddled era. However, until now, erosinya levels are still allowed to survive until more than a million years.

Because it is clear, Cheops as the person who left a large legacy for the world, has gained eternal fame, fame may overcome anyone who has ever lived on the earth's surface. (Can Napoleon or Alexander the Great was remembered though only 10,000 years to come?). However, fame far different from what is called "influence". Although Cheops had influence over the Egyptians who lived in his era, he did not have any influence either on the outside world and the days afterward. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Mahavira, Vardhamana The Great Hero

Mahavira (which means "great hero") is the name commonly used for the Vardhamana Jain, the main character of their religious development.
Vardhamana was born around 599 BC in India's northeast, in the same area with Gautama Buddha was born, although first generation. Surprisingly, both the livelihoods of many interesting similarities.
Vardhamana youngest child of a leader, and as well as Gautama gelimang raised in luxury. At the age of thirty, he was away wealth, relatives (he had a wife and a daughter), leaving a comfortable environment, and decided to seek the truth and spiritual fulfillment.

Vardhamana became pastor flow Parsvanatha discipline that although a small but very hard rules. For twelve years he was conducting meditation and thought himself, and during the conduct of moral boundaries and live in poverty papaan. Often fasting, no personal property in any form, not a cup or plate for a sip of water and collect a bite of rice given to me. Although initially there was her dress, but then dicampakkannya and walk around in a state of full body naked. He let his body and crawling insects diusirnya not bite even if the animal's skin. India is where the holy men wandering around, entered the village out of the village, jumped the gutter and the gutter, far more than his compatriots in the West. Although the appearance and behavior of Mahavira often cause people temptations, insults, humiliation and gamparan, yet all been swallowed up and diendapnya and no replies.

When reaching age forty-two years, Mahavira decided that he finally has reached the spiritual brightness. He spent the rest of the age of thirty years of preaching and teaching the spiritual deepening the already achieved. When he closed his eyes in the year 527 BC, he had gained many followers.

In some cases the doctrine of Mahavira is very similar to Buddhism and Hinduism. The Jain believes that if the human body dies, the soul is not me-too die with the body but the switch (reincarnation) to another entity (the human body does not need) The doctrine of this migration is one of the basic schools of thought Jainist. Jains also believe in karma, the doctrine of the ethical consequences of a deed will happen to him also in the future. To reduce the increasing burden of sin from the soul thing, that is purified, is the main goal of the Jain religion. Some of Mahavira taught, this can be achieved by way of the fun away. Special for Jain priests, are encouraged to live with the simplicity of implementing strict. It is a glory if someone let him die of hunger keranting dry!

Aspect, Jain religion is very important is the emphasis on the doctrine of ahimsa or non-violence. Jain confirmed that ahimsa non-violence, including attitudes toward animals and humans. As a result of this belief, they are "vegetarian" or just eat plants, including grass and weeds, when hooked. But, faithful adherents to the Jain religion is to do any further than that: mosquitoes that bite the skin is left at will; let hungry, not going to want to eat in the dark. Is not that dark lest can kemasukkan swallowed a fly or a scorpion? So, if you want to sweep the Jain followers he has a street or yard, he'll reach for the bag to do the wages of others, fear of who knows nginjak insects or worms.

Beliefs of this kind, it is clear Jain adherents are expected difficult moved to hoe the ground. On the ground a lot of ants, gasir, crickets and assorted small animals, is not it? Kegencet they could die that! So the fact is the people of Jain was not engaged in agriculture. And much more hand work that is prohibited by their religion. As a result, the Jain religion can serve as an example of how far things can affect the trust's behavior and way of life for citizens. Although they live in the area of agricultural land, the majority of the centuries old Jain adherents engaged in trade. Jain religious attitudes to encourage them to work diligently. As a result, it is not surprising when people are classified Jain and their participation in the arts and intellectual activities of India and prominent enough.

Origin, religion Jain has no caste system. But, thanks to the interaction constant with the Hindu religion, this system was also developed in Jainism, though not as extreme as Hindus. Similarly, although Mahavira himself did not talk about God or the gods, through such contacts that the worship of the gods appear as well. Because no material written by Mahavira, permeation of Hinduism to Jainism can not be avoided. From the other direction there is also influence the entry, namely the influence of Hinduism Jainism. For example, the rejection of Jainism and killing animals to eat meat appear to affect the Hindu religion. Furthermore, the Jain doctrine of "no violence" has become a sustainable impact in the minds of Indians, even down to modern times. For example, very strong Gandhi influenced by the teachings of Shrimad Rajachandra Jain philosopher (1867 - 1900), which he considered one of his teachers or teacher spirituilnya.

Jain religion did not have followers in large numbers. Now all of them in India is only about 2,600,000. This taste is not a large amount in relation to the world population. But, if the combined number of them in the period between the year 2500, of a large number as well. In this setting the significance of Mahavira, one must take into account the Jain religion, which perhaps more than other religions, had a lasting influence on the lives of adherents.
Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Johannes Kepler, The Inventor Of Satellite-law Of Planetary Motion

The hell with the planet-planet! What the hell he wants to spin, down, crash, falling! But not "hell" for Johannes Kepler, born in 1571 in the town of Weil der Stadt, Germany, the inventor of satellite-law of planetary motion. The discovery of Kepler in only twenty-eight years after the publication of De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium, big book in which contains the Copernican theory that
the planet-planet rotates around the sun rather than around the earth. Kepler studied at the University of Tubingen, earn a bachelor's degree in 1588 and a full bachelor's degree three years later. Generally, the scientists now reject the theory that "heliocentris" Copernicus; but, when Kepler at Tubingen he heard it and heliocentris hypotheses memperincinya with high intelligence, he finally believed it.

After leaving Tubingen, Kepler became professor for several years at the academy in the city of Graz. While teaching he wrote his first book on astronomy (1596). Although Kepler's theory presented in the book was completely off the mark, the book clearly shows Kepler's mathematical ability and purity of mind, so great astronomer Tycho Brahe invited him to be his assistant in the star shots near Prague.

Kepler accept this invitation and join Tycho in January 1600. Tycho died the next year, but Kepler's work presents a good impression in the previous months so that the Holy Roman Emperor - Rudolph II - Tycho replaced immediately appointed him as royal mathematician. Kepler held that position for the rest of his life.

In place of Tycho Brahe, Kepler inherited a huge pile of carefully observed record of satellite-planetary affairs who has worked for years Tycho. Because Tycho - last major astronomer telescope found - also observers who carefully and thoroughly the world has ever known, the notes were very big price. Kepler believed that the record of mathematical analysis enables thorough Tycho determine the conclusion that the theory of planetary motion are true: heliocentris Copernican theory; geocentris Ptolemy's theory that more lamaan; or even a third theory is formulated Tycho themselves. However, after many years did some careful calculations, Kepler with anxiety Tycho found that the observation is not consistent with theories that anywhere!

Finally, Kepler realized that the problem is: he, like Copernicus and Tycho Brahe, and all classical astronomers had suspected that the orbit consists of keplanitan circles or a combination of circles. However, the fact that keplanitan orbit is not circular but rather oval, ellipse.

Even after finding a solution to the subject, Kepler still have to spend months immersed in work calculations are complicated and exhausting to ensure that satisfactory theory Tycho observations. Big book Astronomia Nova, published in 1609, he had served the first part of the two planetary motion laws. Confirms the first law of each planet moves around the sun in orbits oval or ellipse with the sun at one focus. The second law insists that the planet moves faster when closer to the sun; different planetary speed such that the line connecting the planet and the sun during the rotation, meliwati the same broad area in the same period. Ten years later, Kepler's third law issue: the farther the distance of a planet from the sun, the more it took longer to complete the square when perputarannya or planet-planet velocity is directly proportional to the cube of the average distance to the sun.

Kepler's laws, to deliver a complete picture of the subject and the right of the planetary-planetary motion around the sun, the main problem in astronomy, which even by the genius of people like Copernicus and Galileo terliwatkan. Of course, Kepler did not explain why the planet-planet moves in its orbit like that; this problem solved in the next century by Isaac Newton. However, Kepler's laws is a vital precursor for the synthesis of Newton. ( "If I saw it first from someone else," as Newton once said, "is due to my stand on shoulders of giants." No doubt, Kepler was one of the giants that are referred to Newton).

Kepler's contribution to astronomy was almost comparable to Copernicus. And indeed, in some ways the work of Kepler's even more impressive. He is more original, and the difficulties he faced as mathematics mounting. Mathematical techniques at the time of its development is not as perfect as now, and when there was no machine to help Kepler calculator in counting-counting task.

Terms of the importance of Kepler's work, is at first surprising when almost ignored, even by a great scientist like Galileo. (Galileo did not grab the attention of Kepler's laws is staggering because the two men were each corresponding to one another, and also because the work of Kepler may help test the theory of Ptolemy). But if the others a little slow to appreciate the work of Kepler's altitude, it can be understood by Kepler himself.

In a tone burst of joy Kepler writes "... The book has been written! Has dedicated something sacred gift of pleasure. He would read both by people sejamanku or by generation after me. I do not care. It may be that the book had to wait 100 years to find a reader , just as God waited 6000 years of someone who can understand the greatness of his work. "

Although gradually, gradually, after passing several decades, the significance of Kepler's laws became clear to the world of science. In the next century opinions in favor of Newton's theory says that Kepler's laws deduced from those theories. Contrary opinion say, Newton's laws of motion, Newton's law of gravity inferred from Kepler's laws. However, to do so requires that technique, Kepler, fairly easy to catch the problem and proposed that planetary movement is controlled by the energy that comes from the sun.

In addition to law-planet planetary motion, Kepler's donated many small happenings in the field of astronomy. He also made important contributions on the theory of optics. In the old days - too bad - he was plagued by personal problems. Germany sank so chaotic that "thirty years war" and the rare person who can escape from serious difficulties.

One of the problems is about living. Holy Roman Empire late in the payment of his salary, though in a state that is not critical. In a state of war chaotic, Kepler unpaid wages continue. Since Kepler married twice and had twelve children, the difficulty of this money really heavy. Another problem related to her mother who in the year 1620 was arrested for "witches." Kepler much waste of time until finally the mother could be released without torture.

Kepler died in 1630 in Regensburg, Bavaria. In the "thirty-year war" which mengganas it, ransacked his grave. However, the law proved more planitnya movement into lasting memories than a piece of stone.Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Emperor Justinian's

Emperor Justinian's famous for his codification of Roman law which was held in his administration. Justinian Code rescue work of the creative genius of Roman jurisprudence in the subsequent development of a basic law in many European countries. Perhaps, no other legal code that had a long-term impact on the world.
Justinian was born around 483 in the Tauresium now in Yugoslavia.
He is the nephew of Justin I, the Thracian peasants who practically illiterate, who rose through the military career ladder until he reached the top of a ruler of the eastern Roman Empire. Justinian who, though also came from peasant families, get a good education and with the help of his uncle's fast forward. 527 years old, Justin childless raised Emperor Justinian became assistant with him. At the end of the same year Justin died and since then until his own death in 565 Justinian became sole emperor.

476 years, exactly seven years before Justinian was born, western Roman Empire was beaten apart by the onslaught of the German barbarian tribes and the Roman Empire just east of the capital Constantinople remained untouched. Justinian's destined to retake the western empire and the building and did empirium Roman Emperor as a part of its energy terpokok shed for these ideals. In this plan he was partly successful because he could reclaim Italy, North Africa and part of Spain from the disruption the barbarians.

However, the order of Justinian in the list of this book is not dependent on military movements, but on his role in the codification of Roman law. In the early years of 528, the year he ascended the throne, Justinian established a committee set code of imperial law. The first job of this committee was published in 529, then updated and decreed to be law in legislation 534 years. At the same time, all previous orders and rules that are not included in the code declared invalid. "Codex" is a part of the beginners "Corpus Juris Civils." Part two, called "Pandects," or "Digets" is a summary of views about the authors of the famous Roman law. That, too, have a binding effect. The third section, called "Institutes", essentially a standard book for students of law. Finally laws were passed by Justinian after the reception of "Codex" gathered them together into "Novellae" which was published after the death of Justinian.

Of course, due to either busy Justinian in war and in government administration, did not get to personally design "Corpus Juris Civils." Justinian ordered the codification actually worked by the legal scholars under the supervision of judges and lawyers Tribonian.

Justinian, who had a tremendous morale, also devote some attention in the effort to reform public administration procedures, including some who had cleared the movement of corruption among government officials. He gave encouragement to the development of trade and industry, and to intervene in the development plans of public housing. Under his rule, many castles, abbeys, and churches (including the "Hagia Sophia" in Constantinople) built. This housing development plans and wars that led to the launch of an increase in taxes and various dissatisfactions. In the 532 years of the rebellion broke out (Nika uprising) that almost make him lose the throne. After the rebellion was digencet out, practically attains security Justinian crown perched on his head. Even so, at the time of his death in 565 people cheered.

Justinian can be a big moral support from his wife a competent, Theodora. Because it was properly presented here is a little bit about Theodora. Theodora was born around the year 500. In adolescence daughter, Theodora became an actress and became a kind of high-level prostitutes serving only a limited circle. From this work he received a child prostitute. He was twenty years old when she met Justinian, only two years before he ascended the throne. Justinian knowingly poisoned her extraordinary, because it dijadikannya and trusted advisors to various diplomatic duties. She has influence over regulations issued by Justinian, including a few passage of the law that improve the rights and status of women. His death in 548 cancer attack is a great loss for the rest of Justinian, although his reign of seventeen years was recorded successes. Theodora's beautiful and brilliant, constantly subjected to various art work, painted, carved, dipatungkan face.

Placement Justinian in this book is a chronological list of primary importance because "Corpus Juris Civils" enforce his authority back to Roman law inauguration. It's important to make empirium Byzantium for centuries.

In the West it is generally forgotten for about 500 years. But studies in the 1100s revived Roman law, particularly in universities in Italy. During the late Middle Ages, "Corpus Juris Civils' basic foundation in the development of legal systems of continental Europe. The countries that experienced this development is called a Civil Law system, as opposed to "Public Law" (general) that generally applies in the countries that speak English. "Corpus Juris Civils" as a whole is not accepted everywhere. However, some of it incorporated into civil law and in almost all of Europe he became the legal basis of lessons, exercises, and lectures. Because many countries finally accepted a non-European parts of the civil law, pen.garuh "Corpus Juris Civils" really widespread.

Apart from that, a mistake also to exaggerate the significance of Justinian's code. Many important influences others in relation to the development of civil law in addition to "Corpus Juris Civils" this. For example the laws relating to the matter more contracts derived from actual practice of merchants and court decisions from trading rather than Roman law. German law and church law was also influenced by civil law. In modern times - of course - European law and legal system has undergone many improvements. Now, the essence of the general law of civil law in many countries very little in common, with the Justinian code. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Queen Elizabeth I

Throughout the history of England, was Queen Elizabeth I, which is generally considered the most prominent king. Forty-five years of his reign was a time of economic prosperity, development of literature, and the emergence of a British naval force topnotch above the ocean. When the British no longer have kings who stand out, which lifted England emerged into the golden age.
Elizabeth was born in 1533 in Greenwich, England. His father, King Henry VIII, English pioneer round of reform. Her mother, Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry. Anne was beheaded to roll like a grain of roofs in 1536 and several months later issued an announcement that the parliament of the time Elizabeth was three years old as a "child brothel." (This is the general attitude of English Catholics who do not consider valid Henry divorce his first wife). Although there are the curse of parliament, Elizabeth was raised in the royal household and get a good education.

Henry VIII died in 1547 when Elizabeth was aged thirteen years. Eleven years after that there was no English authority which could be considered successful. Edward VI, Elizabeth's half-brother to the throne between the years 1547 to 1553. Under his rule, political obviously pro-Protestant. Queen Mary I reigned five years after it supported the supremacy of the papacy and the Roman Catholic back strengthening. During British rule, the Protestants are pursued and oppressed, even some three hundred followers were executed. (This caused the queen can not pleasant nickname: "the bloody Mary." Elizabeth himself arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Though eventually released, his life in recent times was in danger. When Mary died (in 1558) Elizabeth elderly couple twenty-five years to the throne. This gives rise for the brightness of the British population.

Many problems which prevented the young queen was young: the war against France; strained relationship with Scotland and Spain, government monetary conditions, and above all it is a dark cloud hanging religious division in England overhead.

Last crisis is handled first. Shortly after Elizabeth ascended the throne, the law on "Supremacy and Equality" passed in 1559, set the Anglican as the official religion of England. This satisfies moderate Protestants, but the Puritans who wanted more drastic changes. Although the Puritans faced opposition on the one hand and the Catholics on the other hand, during his reign to establish a compromise remain listed in the Act of 1559.

Religious situation becomes complicated by circumstances relating to Mary Queen of Scots. Mary was forced to leave Scotland and fled to England. Back in England he was a prisoner of Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth is not a step on the basis of violence and arbitrarily: Mary Roman Catholic and also had a decent claim to the throne to replace Elizabeth. This means that, if there is a rebellion or a successful assassination, England will have more Catholic queen. During the detention Mary was nineteen years there were a couple of times a plot against her and there was enough evidence of involvement Mary. Finally, in 1587 Mary was sentenced to death. Elizabeth signed the sentence was a little reluctantly. The ministers and MPs generally want to be Mary killed the sooner the better.

Religious conflict actually harm Elizabeth. In 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicated and ordered him to abdicate, and in the year 1580 Pope Gregory XIII issued an announcement that is not sinful to kill Elizabeth. However, it is also beneficial Elizabeth. Throughout his reign, the Protestants seized with fear of the revival of the Catholic religion in England. She showed herself as a shield against that revival. And this is the main source of his popularity among the masses of the major British Protestant it.

Elizabeth's foreign policy to handle it carefully, flexible, and far-sighted. At the beginning of 1560 he completed the "Treaty of Edinburgh" which guarantees a peaceful settlement with the Scots. War with France ended and the relations between the two countries improved. But, gradually, gradually forced the British state was involved confrontation with Spain. Elizabeth tried to avoid war, but for the militant Catholic Spain of the 16th century, the war between Spain and Protestant England hard inevitable. Revolt in the Netherlands against the Spanish rulers are servants of factors: Dutch rebels generally Protestant and Spain boost when rebels, Elizabeth helped the Netherlands, despite the fact that Elizabeth did not have a personal passion to fight. Generally the British people as well as the ministers and the parliament is more eager to lift the arms than Elizabeth. Therefore, when the war with Spain finally broke out also in the year 1580an, Elizabeth gained strong support for the British people.

Elizabeth years diligently to build the British navy, but, King Philip II of Spain was also rushed to build a large fleet - Spanish Armada - to confront the British. Spanish Armada ships had an almost equal number of the British possession, but fewer sailors, more than that, more British sailors trained and the quality of the cannon ships and better weapons. The fight broke out in 1588, and an exciting sea battle that ended with the defeat of the Spanish absolute. As a result of this victory, England became established as a naval power in the world's most thumbs, fixed position he held until the 20th century this.

Elizabeth was always careful in money matters. At the beginning of his reign the British Empire's financial condition was healthy. But of course, argue with the Spanish request expensive and at the end of his administration very poor financial situation. However, despite the poor kingdom, the state of the entire country berkondisi more prosperous than at the time of Elizabeth to attach the crown in him by the forelock.

Elizabeth's reign for forty-five years (from 1558 to 1603) is often considered "the golden Age of England." Some of the famous English writers, including William Shakespeare, lived in that era. She obviously had a stake in this cultural development. He encouraged the theater of Shakespeare against the opposition of local government of London. However, no development of music or a painting that can match the development of literature.

Elizabeth era also saw the rise of English as an explorer. There were repeated trips to Russia and the experiments by Martin Frobisher and John Davis to find a way northwest toward the Far East. Sir Francis Drake sailed around the world (from 1577 to 1580), set foot in California on that trip. There was also a failed experiment (by Sir Walter Raleigh and others) to establish settlements in North America.

Elizabeth biggest deficiency may reluctantly turn provide opportunities for the throne. Not only did she never married, but he always avoided setting a replacement. (Maybe because he was afraid, if he appointed someone to be his successor will soon be a rival). Whatever the reason Elizabeth did not want to mention his successor, if he died young (or at any time before the death of Mary of Scotland), England might have kecemplung in the arena of civil war after the replacement. Good luck for England, she lived until the age of seventy years. On the bed before her spirit flew, he called King James II of Scotland (son of Mary of Scotland) became his successor. Although this means the union between England and Scotland under one crown, this is a confusing choice. Both James and his son Charles I was too authoritarian for British tastes, and in the middle of the century of civil war had erupted.

Elizabeth had the intelligence that exceeds the ordinary person and a skilled politician, firm, has extensive views. Coincided with that he has prudence and conservative. He has aversion to war and bloodshed, although if necessary he could insist. Like his father, he runs the government with parliamentary co-operation rather than against them. Because he was not married, it seems like he's still a virgin dikemukakannya in public. However, not all too true when he considered it the kind of man-hating women. On the contrary, he clearly liked him and liked to hang out with him. Elizabeth has the ability to choose his ministers are incompetent. Some of the results achieved, among others thanks to Williarn Cecil (Lord Burghley), who became the main adviser since 1558 until his death in 1598.

The main points of her success can be summarized as follows First, he led England during the second phase of reform era without significant bloodshed. (In contrast to Germany where thirty-year war (1618-1648) killed more than twenty-five percent of the population, it is striking). Besides him, soothe religious hatred between Catholic and Protestant English English, he managed to also maintain the unity of the nation. Second, forty-five years of his reign - Age Elizabeth - generally considered the golden age of a great nation in the world. Third, is also in his reign England emerged as the main force, which can maintain the position of the next centuries.

Elizabeth position in this book is a chronological list of habits that have come out clearly. In essence, this book is a list of the great innovators, the people who put forward new ideas or bring something changes the situation. Elizabeth was not a reformer, not an innovator, and the line of political policy generally cautious and conservative. Nevertheless, much progress occurred in his reign than is generally realized penguasaa who want progress.

Elizabeth did not try to deal directly with serious issues that are matters of parliament and the royal authority. However, in a way just stand off to be a despot, he may be the main drivers of democratic life in England than he announced a new democratic constitution. She did not seek greatness and also the military sector is not interested in building a large empirium. (Indeed, under Elizabeth, the English did not have the signs of a empirium). However, he left England's strongest Navy in the world and laid the foundations of British empirium that followed.

The greatness of the British overseas empirium obtained after the death of Elizabeth, at least some of biggest. Many people who played an important role empirium British establishment who in some cases can be considered as a reasonable result of European expansion in general and the geographical position of England. Should also be noted that many other European countries berpantaikan Atlantic Ocean (French, Spanish and even Portuguese) also built a large empirium.

Besides, the role of Elizabeth maintaining the threat of Spanish English and easily be exaggerated. If studied, it does not look Spanish never a serious threat to British independence. It must be remembered, the fight between the British fleet against the Spanish Armada did not occur in a short distance. (Not one England lose the ship!). And beyond that, even if Spanish troops had landed in England, is difficult to imagine they can conquer it. Spanish armed forces have never achieved an impressive victory anywhere in Europe. If Spain was not able to quell the rebellion in the Netherlands, it was clear there was no piece of English he could conquer. By the 16th century, English nationalism was much stronger than the possibility of Spain could conquer it.

So where Elizabeth should be placed on the list this book? Basically he was a local character. When compared with Peter the Great of Russia did not seem equal. Judging from Peter's point of fact clearly far more innovative than Elizabeth. I will have difficulty convincing the Russians who have a clear mind that Elizabeth was placed higher in the order of Peter. In contrast, measured from the important role played by England and Englishmen in the centuries after Elizabeth was a mistake to put too far behind Peter. In many ways, it seems clear only a few kings in the history of Elizabeth's had as much success. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Homer

Centuries of disagreement lasted about copyright Homer's poems. When, where, and how the Iliad and the Odyssey was created?
To what extent the poem was leaning on the composition before? Is Iliad and Odyssey composed by the same person? Is one of them composed by only one author? Perhaps no one like Homer and his poems were developed through the aggregation
process is so slow, or is prepared by a group of processors that a joint mencomotnya poems written by many different poets. Scholars who waste time in years investigating this issue does not come to terms with one another; then how can someone who is not a classical scholar to know the proper answer? Of course, I do not know the answer; even so, to determine where Homer placed in proper chronological list of this book, I made the following estimates.

The first estimates are, it is true there was a main author Iliad. (The reason, is too great if the work was compiled by a group of people!). In the centuries before Homer, many poems about the shorter the same problem composed by Greek poets, and Homer took a lot of their work. However, Homer did more than just assembling the Iliad of short poems that have been there before. He chose, he set, he perfected the words and add to it and finally complete a final result with the genius of literary talent. Homer, who produces great works, may live in the 8th century BC although many consider records earlier than that. I also predict that the same person is the primary author of Odyssey. Although the argument (based in part from differences in style) that the two poems composed by authors who have different equivalent power, overall similarities between the two poems are far more important than the differences.

From what has been presented, it became obvious how little can be known about Homer's own affairs, and there is no biographical data about him. There is a very ancient tradition of solid, dating from the early Greeks, that Homer was blind. But the greatness that was a visual representation of the two poems shows if Homer was blind anyway, is not blind from birth was taken. The language of the poem shows that Homer came from Ionia, the area east of the Aegean sea.

Despite apparently believe that so long and so carefully the composition of a poem can be created without writing, many intellectuals seem to agree that poetry is at least the beginning and maybe even all, is the composition of the oral (oral). It is not certain when poetry was first written into the text. Consider the terms of its length (the combined total nearly 28,000 verses), it seems rather difficult to imagine that poetry can be carefully removed so except if it is written in a period of time not so long after its original creation. In an event, before the 6th century BC, the poem was already considered great classics, and biographical information about Homer is gone. After that, the Greeks always considered Odyssey and the Iliad is the work of high terjunjung nation. Interestingly, during the period between the centuries and all the changes in style that has happened, the reputation of Homer never become extinct.

Judging from Homer's fame and high reputation, with the thought that dag-dig-dug me put Homer in the sequence numbers so low. This and similar reasons I do well against the general figures of art and literature. Place them in the order of this list, low. In the case of Homer, the difference in the difference between reputation and influence seems greater. Though his work is often studied in school, in today's world very few people read Homer once they leave high school or college for. This is a big different with the drama of Shakespeare and read poems and his plays are often staged by getting enough visitors. As a result, completely different.

And Homer was not widely cited. Although the quote is in the works of Homer Barlett, very little used in everyday conversation. Not only different from Shakespeare, is also different from writers such as Benjamin Franklin or Omar Khayyam. Sentences like "penny saved is a penny earned", which is often called, may in fact influence one's personal attitude, an attitude and even the smells of a political decision. Had nothing to do with Homer's what many people now quoted.

If the case, what Homer for inclusion in the list order this book? There are two reasons. The first reason, the number of people who grew over the centuries either heard or read the works of Homer really did much. In the world of the past, Homer's poem is much more popular than now. In Greece, his work was so familiar with the general population, and in a very long period of influence of religion and ethical attitudes. Odyssey and the Iliad is not only famous in intellectual literary circles, but also in the military and political leaders as well. Many of the old Roman leader cites Homer, Alexander the Great even tucks a copy of Iliad diketiaknya during combat. Even now, Homer is the author as idol at school, and generally we've read his work (at least in part) for the school.

Even more important, perhaps, Homer's influence on literature. All the poets of classical Greece and drama writers are very badly affected Homer. Figures such as Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristotle - just mention a few examples - immersed in the tradition of Homer, and it took a brilliant idea from the literature.

Homer's influence on ancient Roman authors clearly large. All received her poems as a measure of perfection. When Virgil - often considered the greatest Roman writers - to write his great work he's Aeneid and the conscious self confidence menyontoh Iliad and Odyssey excellence.

Even in modern times was, in fact every important writers influenced by Homer directly or by writers such as Sophocles and Virgil are both highly influenced by Homer. There was no writer in the history of influence so widespread and so long term.

The most recent problem is probably a very complicated. During the last hundred years, very likely more influential Tolstoy and his work more widely read person than Homer. But Tolstoy did not have any influence during the 26th century, while the influence of Homer has been continued for 2700 years or more. It really is a very long time. As a result, Homer was not easily matched by literary figures, even by people who work in any field.Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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John Dalton, The British scientist

John Dalton was the British scientist who in the early 19th century, put forward the hypothesis of atoms into the science arena. With this act, he presents the key ideas that enable major advances in the field of chemistry since that time.
To be clear, he was not the first person to assume that all material objects consist of a large number of very small particles and not destroyer
called atoms. This opinion has been filed by the ancient Greek philosopher, Democritus (360-370 BC?), Maybe even early again. The hypothesis was accepted by Epicurus (Greek philosopher others), and brilliantly put forward by Roman writers, Lucretius (died 55 BC), in which he has a famous poem "De rerum natura" (About the nature of things).

The theory of Democritus (who is not accepted by Aristotle) is not ignored people during the Middle Ages, and have little influence on science. Even so, some leading scientists of the 17th century (including Isaac Newton) supports a similar opinion. However, no atomic theory proposed or used in scientific investigation. And more importantly, no one who saw a connection between philosophical speculation about the atom with the real things in the field of chemistry.

That is the situation when Dalton appeared. He presents "quantitative theory" a clear and straight that can be used in the interpretation of chemical experiments, and can be tested directly in the laboratory.

Although the terminology is slightly different from the one we use now, Dalton clearly express the concept of atoms, molecules, elements and chemical mixtures. He was clear that although the total number of atoms in the world so much, but the number of various different types rather small. (The book notes the original 20 elements or groups of atoms; now slightly over 100 elements are known).

Despite differences of different types of heavy atoms, Dalton still think that every two atoms of similar groups is the same in all of its quality, including the "mass" (the quantity of material in an object measured by resistance to change in motion). Dalton put in his book that records a list of the relative weight of various types of atoms are different, the first list of people who had prepared and the key to any quantitative theory of the atom.

Dalton also explained clearly that each of two molecules of the same chemical combination consists of a combination of similar atoms. (For example, each molecule "nitrous oxide (N2O) consists of two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). From here to form a chemical combination of certain things - no matter how prepared or where it obtained - always consist of the same elements in the proportion of completely equal weight. This is the "law of proportion must be," which have been found in eksperimentil by Joseph Louis Proust first few years.

Dalton was so convincing I present the theory, so that within twenty years he was accepted by the majority of scientists. Furthermore, chemical experts, the program proposed by the book: specify the precise relative atomic weight; chemical analysis of the combined weight; determine the right combination of atoms that make up each group of molecules that have a common feature. The success of this program is certainly remarkable.

List of Dalton's atomic weights
It is excessively difficult to express the significance of the atomic hypothesis. This is the central opinion in our understanding of the field of chemistry. Additionally, it is essential from the general introduction of modern physics. Just because peratoman problems so often discussed before Dalton so he could not place higher in the order of this book list.


Table elements and combinations of John Dalton
Dalton was born in 1766 in the village of Eaglesfield in the North of England. Formal school only ended when a new age of seven years, and he was almost entirely self-taught in science. He was a young man who always understood something earlier than the average normal person, and when he reached the age of twelve she had become a teacher. And he became a teacher or private teacher for most of his life. When he was fifteen years increased he moved to the town of Kendal, the age of twenty-six to Manchester and stayed there until the breath out of his throat in 1844. May need to know, he never married.

Dalton became interested in meteorology in 1787 when he was twenty one years. Six years later he published a book on the subject. Investigations of atmospheric air and generate interest in the gas quality in general. With a series of experiments, he found two laws that control the behavior of gases. First, Dalton presented in 1801, asserted that the volume of gas is filled proporsiona1 with temperature. (This is commonly known as "Charles Law" after the French scientist who discovered a few years before Dalton, but failed to publish the results of the investigation). Second, also served in 1801, known as "Dalton's law" of pressure parts per part.

By the year 1804, Dalton had formulated a theory he has prepared a list of atoms and atomic weight. However, the main book A New System of Chemical Philosophy, published in 1808 only. This book made him famous, and in subsequent years, interest sows award above his head.

By coincidence, Dalton suffered a type of color blindness disease. The situation is even aroused the desire him. He studied the problem, and publish scientific papers about the color blind, a topic which was written the first time! Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Meng-tse (Mencius)

Chinese philosopher Meng-tse (Mencius) is a replacement Kong Hu-Cu. Teachings, such as what is laid out in the book Book of Mencius, highly prized in China for centuries. He is often dubbed "The Second Sage," the wise man, which dropped its policy Kong's number two after the Hu-Cu-term difference to him about 2000 years.
Meng-Tse was born around 371 BC in a small country Tsou,
who is now in the province of Shantung. Period he was born, Chou dynasty final act, called by the Chinese with the nickname "The war of the country," since China is politically divided at that time. Meng-Tse, even though he is behind the tradition-Kong Hu Cu and always be a staunch supporter of the theories and ideas-Kong Hu Cu, finally respected as scholars and philosophers over the creation and work of thought itself.

Meng-tse spent much of his adult life traveling around the country in China and offer advice to the various authorities. Some authorities listened respectfully to him, and for a while he became Ch'i government officials, but across the board he did not have a permanent position or the decision maker. In the year 312 BC, when he was about fifty-nine years, he returned to his village in the country Tsou and settle down there until death. When did he die not clear, probably around the year 289 BC.

Meng-tse gathered followers during his lifetime, but his influence over China in part because terpokok Book of Menciusnya, which listed its teachings. Although the book could have experienced various improvements by his followers, very little doubt that the basics reflect ideas Meng-tse himself.

Image Book of Mencius colored idealistic and optimistic, reflecting strong confidence Meng-tse that human nature is basically good: in many respects, his political ideas are similar to Hu-Cu Kong; specifically, Meng-tse believe it is true that a king should govern the first - primarily by moral example rather than by force. However, Meng-tse closer to the "common property" than the Hu-Cu Kong. "The sky look like the people saw the sky as people hear hear," is one of the best statement.

Meng-tse stressed that the most important component of each country is the people, not rulers. Is the duty of the authorities promote the welfare of the people; in particular he must give the people moral guidance and with the proper conditions for life. Among the government policy he recommended: free trade; minor tax; conservation of natural resources; equal distribution of wealth than the current situation and the government supplies for the welfare of old people and the poor elderly. Meng-tse believe that the power of a king comes from the sky but a king who ignored the welfare of the people will lose the "mandate of heaven," and would properly be overthrown. Since the last part of the sentence that erodes the first part, Meng-tse basically emphasizes (long before John Locke), that the people have a right to rebel against an unjust ruler. This is an idea widely accepted in China.

Now talking in general, throughout most of the historical, political types are recommended Meng-tse is more popular among the people than among the authorities. Therefore do not be surprised if Meng-tse proposal is not accepted by the Chinese authorities at the time. But the way the time, his views became increasingly popular among scholars Kong Hu-Cu and among the Chinese people. Reputation Meng-tse, who was high, even a larger one in China is accompanied by the rise of neo-Confucianisme in the 11th century and the 12th.

In the West, of course, Meng-tse had no significant effect. This is caused partly by the fact that he wrote in Chinese. Tao Te Ching by Lao Tze is written in Chinese which practically coincided with the Book of Mencius, had been translated into various European languages a few times only because many people find the ideas presented in the book are curious. But relatively few Westerners have discovered Book of Mencius, the original special, or the mutilated.

Maybe it sounds interesting for the government to involve itself in the welfare of elderly and the poor and deformed; also sounds interesting to get a tax break. However, an American politician who announced that he supports both the political without a more specific explanation is unlikely to gain the trust of support by both liberal and conservative parties. Similarly, Meng-tse shows on the one hand he sided with the distribution of wealth and on the other hand showed his approval of free trade and lower taxes without a solution to the problem of how far the possibility of conflict between the two goes political. This may sound a bit dishonest for Meng-tse who nevertheless do not be a candidate for parliament. This may be expressed by a philosopher who presents a series of proposals virtue (though some are not consistent) in general, even if he did not specifically indicate how the conflict between two principles are solved. However, in the long run, a philosopher like Machiavelli, who express a clear choice instead of Meng-tse had a greater influence on the human mind.

However, the writings of Meng-tse has strongly influenced the Chinese people. Although the importance of not approaching greatness Confucianisme like St. Paul to Christianity (in one case Meng-tse lack the ability to persuade extraordinary that there is at St. Paul to attract people embrace pahamnya), he no doubt a writer who had a profound influence. During the roughly twenty-two centuries, his ideas learned in all areas with a population of more than 20% of the world. Only a few philosophers of any such influence the size. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Peter The Great

Generally considered to be one, leading Russian Tsar, Peter the Great of political development "west" of his that he instituted a major factor that turned Russia into a strong country.
Peter was born in 1672 in Moscow, the only son Tsar Alexis by his second wife Natalia Narishkina. Peter had not yet reached the age of four
when his father died. Since Alexis had thirteen children from his first wife, taklah wonder if there is a long struggle even harder to fight the crown. In any event, the young Peter must leave the country for life. Over the years Sophia, Peter's half-brother became ruler while because Peter was too young. And just after the year 1689, when he released the position that Peter became a safe position.

Russia in 1689 is a backward country, centuries behind Europe in almost all aspects. Cities much less than in the West. Slavery is rampant, and indeed, the number of slaves increase steadily and rights-human rights decreased. Russia did not experience both the Renaissance and the Reformation. Priest-pastor stupid; literature barely existed; math and science can not be ignored and considered it was no use. In contrast to Western Europe in which Newton wrote that he had just had a Principia and in which literature and philosophy evolved, Russia will look like the middle of the century the country, stupid, nursing.

Years 1697-1698, Peter made the long trip to Western Europe, a journey that sets the tone in the later years of his reign. Peter brought about 250 people with him in a "giant mission" is. By using a pseudonym (Pyotr Mikhaylov) Peter could see many things that he could not see no way. Peter was on his way to work at a particular time as a carpenter at the "Dutch East India Company" in the Netherlands. He also worked at the dock in the British Navy, and he studied at the Prussian arms affair. He visited factories, schools, museums, stadiums and even look at the British parliament. In short, he learned as much as he could get from the Western culture, science, culture, industry, and administrative procedures.

Year 1698 Peter returned to Russia and develop long-term plans concerning the renewal, the country modernize and westernize Russia to promote the introduction of Western technology and techniques, many carrying technician Peter Western Europe to Russia. He also sent a teenager to study in Russia for Western Europe. During his reign Peter stimulating industrial development and trade. Under his rule, the cities grow and multiply bourgeoisie in number and influence.

And in the reign of Peter, the Navy built in the proper size. More than that, his army changed according to the Western European style, modern armed beruniform and military exercises in Western Europe was institutionalized. Peter also made various changes in the sector of civil administration, including sensitive reforms of civil service improvement, based his work in the office, not by the rank of offspring.

In any social problems Peter encourages Westernization. He instructed that all beards shaven (although the latter instruction was changed) and all the men in court are required to dress western, recommend stop smoking and drinking coffee. Despite the many proposals that time, he suggested to meet the challenge of persistent, long-term political cause Russian aristocrats eventually develop ways and culture of Western Europe.

It is not surprising that Peter thinks the Russian Orthodox Church is a backward reactionary forces. Peter managed to partially re-organized the Orthodox Church and may oversee moderation. Peter founded the secular school in Russia and encourage scientific progress. He also introduced the Julian calendar and modernizing the Russian alphabet. In his reign, the first newspaper published in Russia.

In addition to the innovations he did in the country, Peter involved in foreign policy has important consequences in the future. Below it, Russia was involved wars with Turkey in the south and the north of Sweden. With Turkey at the beginning of the war he received a successful capture the port of Azov in 1696, thus presents a way out for Russia to the Black Sea. However, later in his reign, too, Turkey can be the wind in battle and in 1711 Russia forced Turkey to return the port of Azov.

In the war against Sweden, a series of events took place on the other hand, lost in the beginning, but prevail in the end. Russia joined in 1700 by Danish and Saxony launch an attack against Sweden, who was a strong domestic military potential. (Poland was then declared war against Sweden). In the battle of Narva in 1700, damaged the Russian army crushed. After this battle, the King of Sweden turned into another enemy. Meanwhile Peter rebuild the Russian army. After it broke out again battle between the Russian-Swedish. And in Poltava, in 1709, Swedish armies decisively defeated.

Successful regions derived from the war, including Russia (roughly) Estonia and Latvia, as well as some areas near Finland. Despite the capture of the area is not so large, but has significance because it gives Russia a way out into the Baltic Sea that people call the "window of Europe." On the banks of Neva river, on land once occupied by Sweden, Peter built a new city, St. Petersburg (now called Leningrad). Year 1712 he moved the capital from Moscow to it. After that St. St. Petersburg became the meeting point between Russia with Western Europe.

Various Peter domestic politics and war with foreign parties, of course, a lot of money and can not be avoided anymore cause withdrawal additional taxes. Both higher taxes and reforms itself to make the Russians angry and broke into several rebellions, but all Peter was crushed without mercy. Although he had many opponents in his time, either now or historikus Western European Communists agreed that Peter was a great Russian Tsar.

Personality is an attractive appearance., He's big (at least 6 feet 6 inches) strong, handsome and passionate. He's a fiery, fierce, temper, spirit ablaze. And like the joke though crude humor seriously. Sometimes he's a lot of drinking and this made him violent. In addition to dexterity in the field of military and political, Peter had learned carpentry; printing, navigation, and fabrication of ships. Indeed a special king! If necessary, lest he might be a builder!

Peter married twice. Married to his first wife - Eudoxia - when the age of seventeen. Their family life, only a week and when he was twenty-six years of his wives sent to the monastery. Year 1712 dicerainya Eudoxia and Peter married again with another woman. His second wife - Cathrine - is a girl from Lithuania, a girl from an ordinary family. From his first wife have a son Peter, Alexis. However, Peter and his son to do bad. Year 1718 Alexis was arrested on charges of conspiring to overthrow Peter. He was not only arrested but also tortured and died in prison in St. St. Petersburg early in 1725 at the age of fifty-two years. He was succeeded by his widow - Catherine - (do not be mistaken with Catherine the Great).

Peter the Great is listed this book because it plays an important role westernize and modernize Russia. However, because the rulers of various countries also made similar steps, one worth asking on what basis Peter included in this book list, while many others, not.

It is very true that today, in the 20th century, most heads of state to see the importance for people to accept Western ways, especially in scientific and technological sectors. But in the year 1700, the tendency westernize is a new thing for most people outside Europe. What make Peter so important is that he was two centuries ahead of its time in terms of catching the need westernize and in terms of modernizing the country. Because foresight Peter, the Russian who was at the level of the backward country, able to leap forward over most of the countries in the world. (But, no matter how quickly he developed that has been carried to Europe in the 18th century and the 19th, Russia was unable to match Western Europe).

Contrary to Turkey, one other important countries in the eastern border of Europe, which is also interesting. Turkey and Russia both "half of Europe." In the two centuries immediately after the reign of Peter, Turkey is more advanced in terms of military rather than Russian, as well as economy and culture. (For this, Turkey is far more advanced than the Russians throughout history). However, there is no Sultan of Turkey in about 1700 to realize the importance of acceleration of Westernization and no one pushed his country toward it. Therefore, while Russia, since the days of Peter and then, speeding the step of modernization, Turkey only do so little progress. New in the 20th century, Kemal Ataturk led Turkey to accelerate modernization program. At that time, the supervision of the Central Asia Russia was fairly steady and Russia are more advanced both in terms of both industrial and educational aspects.

Now, of course, we naturally think of Russia to surpass the power of Turkey. However, if the reform was not Peter the Great but the Sultan of Turkey, then Turkey may well be a driving force today and almost certainly controlled what is now called the Soviet Central Asia. (Population Muslim area and closer relationship with Turkey than with Russia). Although Russia has occupied the largest part of Siberia before Peter the Great, the region likely drawn Turkey or China or Japan, if only he had not made the renewal and modernization programs to strengthen Russia.

Peter the Great not only with the current ruler, but the people who stood in front of his era. View far into the future is likely to change the course of history and dividing it into the path we can not trace. For this reason, it is clear to me that Peter could deserve a place in this book list.

In terms of determining where the order of Peter, I was somewhat affected by the comparison between him and Queen Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth is also more famous, especially in the West. But, I thought I would have difficulty convincing the Russians - even the most moderate though - that Elizabeth was more influential than Peter the Great. Peter is much more a soul renewal, far more original. When Elizabeth some consensus terpokoknya just doing what people want, Peter led his people to the department that they never imagined. The difference in level between the two could even greater if England do not play a more important role than that done Russia. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Menes, King Dynasty Egyptian Forerunner

Menes, King dynasty Egyptian forerunner, is the first ruler to unify all of Egypt, and thus establish the kingdom which he plays so long and so sparkling in the history of human culture.
Date of birth and death of Menes is not known, although considered roughly around 3100 years BC. Prior to that time, Egypt is not a single country
but rather consists of two separate kingdoms, and stand alone. One in the north in the Nile delta and the other in the south, in the valley of the Nile. (Because the Nile flows into the sea in ancient Egyptian map of the Nile estuary look at bottom of page. For this reason, the Egyptians called the delta in the north as "Lower Egypt" while in the southern kingdom of "Upper Egypt"). In general, Lower Egypt seems to be more advanced than his neighbor in the south. But the king was Menes, the ruler of Upper Egypt conquered the kingdom in the north and unify the whole country.

Menes (also known as Narmer) Thinis just came from, a town in southern Egypt. After mastering the northern kingdom he dubbed himself "King of the north and south of Egypt," a title retained by the pharao (pharaohs) next for thousands of years. Near the old border between the two kingdoms, Menes founded a new city - Memphis - that because it was so strategic, the capital of a united Egypt. Memphis, which is reruntuhannnya near the town of Cairo today, the centuries became the leading city in Egypt, and for a long enough period to be its capital.

A little additional information about Menes had to be saved. He is credited with holding the reins of the kingdom for a long time - sixty-two years - according to ancient sources, though there may be exaggerated.

In addition to our limited knowledge about the events that occurred so long, the work seems to have meaning Menes of tremendous importance. Before the dynasty (ie before Menes), the Egyptian culture is less developed than the Sumerian culture, which is now located in Iraq. However, the political unification of Egypt seems to radiate the latent power of the Egyptian population. Indeed, right, accompanied by the unification of the rapid progress both in the field of cultural and social. Government and social institutions developed in the early dynastic period, which lasted a few changes, the year 2000. Hieroglyp writing has grown tremendously, as well as buildings and other technical intelligence. In a few centuries, the Egyptian culture is matched - even exceeded in some sectors - Sumerian culture. Indeed, most of the period of 2000 years after Menes, Egypt, measured from the wealth and culture, an advanced country in the world, at least number two. This is evidence of a lasting progress is a bit of culture can match it. A great culture great bin.

It's hard to put in which position in the list Menes order this book, because we have no direct information of data on how important personal role in the conquest of Menes northern kingdom and the unification of Egypt. With all the lack of information, we can only guess how big her role there, but seems to be a safe guess that it was very important role. In general, the pharaohs of Egypt is not a prominent figure, but the authorities who have great power. Moreover, history tells us that the kingdoms could not important conquests without a king's leadership of incompetence; so they are unable to maintain the already conquered the area without the leadership of a capable king. Therefore very great possibility that personally Menes is an important factor in the big events of his time. Without prejudice to our knowledge about the pettiness Menes, Menes was apparently one of the influential figures in history. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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Zoroaster,The Founder Of Zoroastrianism

"Prophet" of Iran, Zoroaster, was the founder of Zoroastrianism, a religion that lasted more than 2000 years and still has adherents today. He is also author of Gathas, the oldest part of Avesta, the sacred instructions Zoroastrian adherents.
We biographical information about Zoroaster (Zarathustra in the ancient Iranian name) is not complete, but it seems he was born circa 628 BC
and the area that now includes northern Iran. Very little can be known of his childhood. After an adult, he preached the new religion itself drawn up. At the initial level of opposition, but when the age of forty years, he managed to pull King Vishtaspa as adherents, a ruler of a region in northern Iran. After that the King was his friend and protector at the same time. According to the traditional story of Iran, Zoroaster lived until the age of seventy-seven years; his death in 551 years was estimated at BC.

Zoroastrian Theology is an interesting mixture of monotheism and dualism. According to Zoroaster, there is only one true God called Ahura Mazda (the name of modern Iran: Ormudz). Ahura Mazda ( "Wise Lord") advocated honesty and truth. But, Zoroastrian adherents also believe there is an evil spirit, Angra Mainyu (in terms of modern Persian: Ahriman) that reflects the crime and falsehood. In the real world, this symbol of the eternal conflict between the forces of Ahura Mazda and Ahriman one hand on the other. Each individual is free to choose where he was taking sides, to Ahura Mazda or Ahriman. Although the two sides battle may close at some point, Zoroastrian adherents believe that in the long term strength Ahura Mazda will come out a winner. Theology they also include a full conviction of life after death.

In ethical matters, Zoroastrian religion stresses the importance of honesty and truth. Ascetisme, reckless living, adultery, was strongly opposed. Zoroastrian adherents of various religious conduct interesting, some of which focused on the worship of fire. For example, the sacred fire always kept burning in the Zoroastrian temple. But, the most evident in their worship is a way to eliminate the body, rather than buried or burned, but placed on the left tower eaten vulture. (The birds were usually engulfed prey purely down to the bone within hours).

Although Zoroatrianisme have various elements that are similar to the Iranian religions older, do not seem widespread in the Zoroastrian own. But, the area where he lives with hook-associated with the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great in the mid-16th century BC at the time of the death of Zoroaster. In the two centuries later, religion was accepted by the Persian kings and get a decent followers. After the Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great in the late mid-4th century BC, the Zoroastrian religion swift decline. But eventually, the Persians gained its independence again, Hellenistis influence declined, and there is a revival of Zoroastrian religion. In the Sassanid dynasty (226 to 651 AD) Zoroastrian religion is accepted as the official state religion of Persia.

After the Arab conquest in the 7th century AD, most of the Persian population gradually converted to Islam (in some cases by force, although in principle the Muslims have a tolerant attitude to other religions). Around the 10th century, some remaining Zoroastrian religion fled from Iran to Hormuz, an island in the Persian Gulf. From there they or their derivatives go to India where they established a kind of colony. Hindus Parsees call them because they were of Persian origin. Now there are about l00.000 more groups Parsees in India, generally lives near the city of Bombay, where they form a group of affluent society. Zoroastrianism was never disappear entirely in Iran, only about 20,000 adherents still in the country.

Today, the world's Zoroastrian adherents in lesser numbers than the Mormons and Christian Scientists. But, Mormonism and Christian Science recent growth; viewed from the course of history, the overall number of followers of Zoroaster much greater. This is the main reason why Zoroastrians included in this book, while Joseph Smith and Mary Baker are not included

More than that, Zoroatrianisme have an impact to other religions, like Judaism and Christianity. In fact, a greater influence on Manicheism obvious, the religion founded by Mani, who take over Zoroastrian ideas about the conflict between good spirits and demons and developed into a complex religious and coercive. For a while the new belief that she founded the world's major religions, although later extinct entirely. Michael H. Hart,One hundred most influential figures in the history.

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